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Agroforestry  and  specifically silvopastoralism  is  a  traditional  land  use system  in  Xeromero,  Aetoloakarnania, Western  Greece  where  livestock  breeders used the valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis ssp macrolepis)  forest  for  grazing.  One  of  the main problems is the poor regeneration of the trees.  This may be due to the high grazing pressure that exists in the region, the old age of  the  trees,  or  the  presence  of  a  dense understorey who, in combination with climatic and site factors affect the regeneration and development of the forest. 

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